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Nazi Censorship of the Arts

"Entartete Kunst" - Degenerate Art

The years 1927-37 were alarming and terrifying for artists in Germany.   In 1937 The National Socialist Society for German Culture held an art exhibition in Munich.  The Nazis  called the exhibit Entartete Kunst, or Degenerate Art.   During this time  over 22 thousand art-works by more than 200 artists of that time were confiscated. The National Socialist Society for German Culture  declared artists of the banned paintings, mostly Expressionists,  Cubists Dadaism, Surrealist, Fauvists, nineteenth-century Impressionist and Post-Impressionist  to be  insane and morally corrupt.

 Particularly reviled  were:  Edvard Munch, Emile Nolde, Oskar Kokoschka, Ernst Kirchner ( Kirchner was so devastated by his exile to Switzerland that he committed suicide in  in 1938.) Wassily Kandinsky, Max Ernst, Otto Dix, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, Klee feared for his life and spent his years  cast out in Switzerland. The artist unable to obtain Swiss citizenship because of his status as a degenerate artist.) Pablo Picasso, ,Marc Chagall, Max Beckmann and Vincent van Gogh. The Nazis felt that these artist led young people astray and encouraged corrupt ideas. The upper echelons of the SS occasionally got together for 'art burning' parties. They would drink beer and throw darts at so called degenerate paintings, later burning the paintings in huge art pyre.

The justification for deciding on what could be classified as   "degenerate" art was relatively straightforward and spiteful: any painting or sculpture that was in conflict with Hitler's  artistic philosophy, was considered to be "Entartete Kunst".  Many historians believe Hitler despised the artists of his day because he was never recognized for his own uninspiring paintings.  Hitler's favorite artists included Lucas Cranach,  Hieronymus Bosch, Albrecht Dure, Frans Hals Rembrandt  Meindert Hobbema and Quentin Metsys Hitler felt that these painters upheld wholesome decent standards.

In 1937, Joseph Goebbels, Minister for Propaganda organized  a public exhibition of banned art.  The exhibition was called "Entartete Kunst," meaning, "Degenerate Art."   The purpose of the exhibition was to show the public the stupidity, immorality, and depravity of the modern art movement.

Main Artists on the The Nazi List ....   singled out for special condemnation

Otto Dix German 1862-1942 Expressionist
 Vincent van Gogh Dutch, 1853-1890 Post-Impressionist
Max Beckmann German, 1884-1950 Expressionist
 Edvard Munch Norwegian, 1863-1944 Symbolist/Expressionist
 Emile Nolde German, 1867-1956 Expressionist Painter
 Oskar Kokoschka Austrian, 1886-1980 Expressionist Painter
 Ernst Kirchner German, 1880-1938 Expressionist Painter.
Wassily Kandinsky  Russian, 1866-1944 Expressionist Painter
Paul Klee  Swiss 1879-1940 Swiss Expressionist Painter
 Pablo Picasso Spanish, 1881-1973 Cubist/Abstract/Symbolist
 Max Ernst German, 1891-1976 Surrealist Painter
Marc Chagall Russian, 1887-1985 Surrealist Painter
 Franz Marc German, 1880-1916  Expressionist / Fauvist

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